The search yielded 15 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The studies were published between 2000 and 2022 and included a total of 1,500 participants. The results suggest that maternal facial abuse and maltreatment are common and can take many forms, including physical, emotional, and psychological abuse. The most common forms of maternal facial abuse and maltreatment included hitting, slapping, and pushing, while the most common emotional and psychological abuses included verbal aggression, rejection, and neglect.
Facial abuse and maltreatment refer to any form of physical, emotional, or psychological harm inflicted on an individual's face or facial features. This can include: facialabuse+facial+abuse+maternal+maltreatm