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Market segmentation, targeting, and positioning (STP) are critical components of marketing management. Koshy et al. (2017) emphasize the importance of segmenting markets to identify specific customer groups with unique needs and preferences. Targeting involves selecting the most attractive segments to pursue, while positioning refers to creating a distinct image or identity in the minds of customers. By applying STP strategies, organizations can allocate resources efficiently and effectively, reducing marketing costs and improving customer satisfaction. marketing management kotler keller koshy jha pdf