f‑GNP were prepared by silanization: 5 g GNP were dispersed in 200 mL ethanol, sonicated for 30 min, then 0.5 mL APTES was added under nitrogen. The mixture was refluxed at 80 °C for 6 h, filtered, washed with ethanol, and dried under vacuum at 60 °C for 12 h. FTIR confirmed the presence of Si–O–C and –NH₂ groups.
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