Most downloaders trust the server’s manifest without re-verifying each chunk. A compromised server, man-in-the-middle (MITM), or storage bitrot can alter chunks after upload. The client may download a corrupted or maliciously swapped chunk without detection.

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Most downloaders trust the server’s manifest without re-verifying each chunk. A compromised server, man-in-the-middle (MITM), or storage bitrot can alter chunks after upload. The client may download a corrupted or maliciously swapped chunk without detection.